mosses are small flowerlessplants that typically grow in dense green clumps or mats, often in damp or shady locations. The individual plants are usually composed of simple leaves that are generally only one cell thick, attached to a stem that may be branched or unbranched and has only a limited role in conducting water and nutrients. Although some species have conducting tissues, these are generally poorly developed and structurally different from similar tissue found in vascular plants. Mosses do not have seeds and after fertilisation develop sporophytes with unbranched stalks topped with single capsules containing spores. They are typically 0.2–10 cm (0.1–3.9 in) tall, though some species are much larger. Dawsonia, the tallest moss in the world, can grow to 50 cm (20 in) in height.
Mosses are commonly confused with lichens, hornworts, and liverworts.Lichens may superficially look like mosses, and have common names that include the word "moss" (e.g., "reindeer moss" or "iceland moss"), but are not related to mosses. Mosses used to be grouped together with the hornworts and liverworts as "non-vascular" plants in the former division "bryophytes", all of them having the haploidgametophyte generation as the dominant phase of the life cycle. This contrasts with the pattern in all vascular plants (seed plants and pteridophytes), where the diploid sporophyte generation is dominant.
Mosses are now classified on their own as the divisionBryophyta. There are approximately 12,000 species.
The main commercial significance of mosses is as the main constituent of peat (mostly the genus Sphagnum), although they are also used for decorative purposes, such as in gardens and in the florist trade. Traditional uses of mosses included as insulation and for the ability to absorb liquids up to 20 times their weight.
There is a substantial market in mosses gathered from the wild. The uses for intact moss are principally in the florist trade and for home decoration. Decaying moss in the genus Sphagnum is also the major component of peat, which is "mined" for use as a fuel, as a horticultural soil additive, and in smoking malt in the production of Scotch whisky.
Sphagnum moss, generally the species S. cristatum and S. subnitens, is harvested while still growing and is dried out to be used in nurseries and horticulture as a plant growing medium.
The practice of harvesting peat moss should not be confused with the harvesting of moss peat. Peat moss can be harvested on a sustainable basis and managed so that regrowth is allowed, whereas the harvesting of moss peat is generally considered to cause significant environmental damage as the peat is stripped with little or no chance of recovery.
mosses perform very useful function in nature .they provide shelter for other organism like earth warm. when it grow on rocks or cemented area ,the chemicals that release contribute to the slow process of cement breakdown and soil formation.
Introduction A wide range of media are used for growing fungi. Most mycologists develop
preferences for certain types of media based on experience and peculiarities of the type of
fungi that are routinely grown. Media will affect colony morphology and color, whether
particular structures are formed or not, and may affect whether the fungus will even grow
in culture. For example, some fungi lack the necessary enzymes to utilize different
carbon sources. All fungi require several specific elements for growth and reproduction.
The requirements for growth are generally less stringent than for sporulation, so it is often
necessary to try several types of media when attempting to identify a fungus in culture.
Most fungi thrive on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA), but this can be too rich for many
fungi, so that excessive mycelial growth is obtained at the expense of sporulation. I have
found that most of the fungi isolated from soil, or from substrates in the soil, i.e., plant
debris, grow well on Corn Meal Agar (CMA), a relatively weak medium compared to
PDA. Similarly, wood-inhabiting fungi and dematiaceous (dark pigmented) fungi often
sporulate better on CMA or Oat Agar, both of which have less easily digestible
carbohydrate than PDA. Cellulose-destroying fungi and spoilage fungi retain their ability
to produce cellulase when grown on a weak medium such as Water Agar (WA) or Potato
Carrot Agar (PCA) with a piece of sterile filter paper, wheat straw or lupin stem placed
on the agar surface. The introduction of pieces of tissue, such as filter paper, wheat
straw, rice, grains, leaves or dung, often produces good sporulation dependent on the
organism grown.
Constituents of Media
Media generally contain a source of carbon, nitrogen and vitamins. Glucose (dextrose) is
the most widely utilizable carbon source, and hence is the most commonly used in growth
media. Fructose and mannose are the next most commonly utilized sugars by fungi and
are found in media from natural sources. Sucrose (table sugar) may be used in some
media. Nitrogen sources include peptone, yeast extract, malt extract, amino acids,
ammonium and nitrate compounds. Casamino Acids, a Difco product, is acid-hydrolized
casein, a mixture of amino acids. It is a good general source of nitrogen but is vitaminfree. Bacto-Peptone, another Difco product, contains nitrogen and a high peptone and
amino acid content. Salts, including Fe, Zn and Mn, are often added to ‘defined’ media,
but are usually not added to the common media used for routine culture. Fungi have
natural deficiencies for vitamins that are satisfied at µM to nM concentrations. The most
common naturally occurring vitamin deficiencies are thiamin and biotin. Deficiency of
both is quite common among the Ascomycota. Other organic nutrients such as glucose
are often contaminated with vitamins sufficient to supply the growth requirements of
fungi.
Pl P 421 General Mycology
Isolation Media--Water Agar, Antibiotic Agar and Acidified Cornmeal Agar
Most fungi are difficult to isolate from infected tissues, infested soil or decaying organic
material due to the rapid and often antagonistic development of associated fungi, bacteria
and actinomycetes with faster growth rates. Successful isolation of many of these fungi
can be achieved by the used of selective media that either slow down the growth or
inhibit the growth of these antagonistic organisms. One approach is to surface sterilize
the material to eliminate surface contaminants, then place the material on Water Agar.
Most fungi and bacteria will grow on WA, but at such a slow rate that it is relatively easy
to isolate the target fungus. Selective exclusion can be accomplished by several
approaches. One is by selective inhibition, i.e., the use of antimicrobial chemicals,
primarily antibiotics such as streptomycin sulfate and penicillin. We have Antibiotic
Agar (AA) in the lab for this purpose. Antibiotic Agar is a good agar to use when
isolating from material that cannot be surface sterilized and hence will have a heavy load
of bacteria. Another approach is to create an unfavorable environment in the isolation
medium such as high pH in which the fungus will grow but the bacteria will be inhibited.
Acidified cornmeal agar (ACMA) works well for the isolation of fungi from various types
of plant material. It is best to use surface-sterilized material in conjunction with ACMA.
Growth Media
We will use mostly ‘natural’ media based on materials such as cornmeal, carrots, hay,
potatoes, oatmeal, soil, etc. ‘Semi-synthetic’ media, containing both natural ingredients
and defined components include Malt Extract Agar, Malt Agar. We probably will not be
using ‘Synthetic’ or ‘defined’ media which contain precise amounts of a carbon source,
vitamins and minerals.
As previously noted, Cornmeal Agar is a good medium for the culture of dematiaceous
fungi and fungi isolated from soil, soil substrates and wood. Malt Extract Agar (MEA) is
also frequently used for culturing fungi from soil and wood.
Water molds, such as those obtained from baiting with hemp seed and snake skin, can be
grown on Cornmeal Agar, Water Agar or Emerson’s YpSs agar. See ‘Zoosporic Fungi in
Teaching and Research’ pages 125-127 for a full description of methods.
Ascomycota isolated from fruiting bodies forming on dung, wood or soil can be grown on
Malt Agar, Potato Carrot Agar and Potato Dextrose Agar. The first step is to attempt to
get the ascospores to germinate by streaking them out or getting forcible discharge onto a
selective or isolation medium. Look for spore germination and transfer a small piece of
agar with the germinating spore(s) to one of these richer media.
Basidiomycota growing on wood can be grown on Malt Extract Agar. Cultures derived
from mushrooms can be grown on Potato Dextrose Agar, Potato Sucrose Agar and Malt
Extract Agar. Potato Dextrose Yeast Extract Agar (PDYA) also is a recommended
Pl P 421 General Mycology
medium for growing cultures of Agaricus, Pleurotus, Lentinus, Stropharia, Flammulina,
and some of the Psilocybe species.
Summary of media and common use
Water Agar (WA)--use for isolating fungi from surface-sterilized substrates.
Antibiotic Agar (AA)--use for isolating fungi from substrates not readily surfacesterilized, or to clean up a culture contaminated with bacteria.
Acidified Cornmeal Agar (ACMA)--use for isolating fungi from substrates that are
likely to be contaminated with bacteria. Not a substitute for AA, but the acidity inhibits
bacteria and the medium supports the growth of a wide range of fungi.
Cornmeal Agar (CMA)--use for growing a wide range of fungi, particularly members of
the Fungi imperfecti; provides a good balance of mycelial growth and sporulation.
Potato Carrot Agar (PCA)--considered a relatively weak medium somewhat
comparable to CMA, good for some Fungi imperfecti.
Malt Agar (MA)--lacks peptone, and is useful for culturing many Ascomycota;
sporulation in some species is inhibited by peptone.
Malt Extract Agar (MEA)--a good growth medium for soil fungi, fungi isolated from
wood, basidiomycetes, etc. An all-purpose type of medium.
Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA)--a relatively rich medium for growing a wide range of
fungi.
Two general types of culture media are essential to ensure the primary recovery of all clinically significant fungi from clinical specimens. One medium should be non-selective (such as Brain Heart Infusion Agar; i.e., one that will permit the growth of virtually all clinically relevant fungi) and other medium should be selective, specially tailored to isolate specific pathogenic fungi of interest.
.Antibacterial agents are used to kill the contaminating bacterial species. If the sample is taken from sterile site, it is not necessary to use media containing antibacterial agents.
Brain-heart infusion (BHI) agar: It is a non-selective fungal culture medium that permits the growth of virtually all clinically relevant fungi. It is used for the primary recovery of saprophytic and dimorphic fungi
Czapek’s agar: It is used for the subculture of Aspergillus species for their differential diagnosis.
Inhibitory mold agar (IMA): Primary recovery of dimorphic pathogenic fungi. Saprophytic fungi and dermatophytes will not be recovered.
Mycosel/Mycobiotic agar:
It is generally Sabouraud’s dextrose agar with cycloheximide and chloramphenicol added.
It is used for the primary recovery of dermatophytes.
Sabouraud’s agar is sufficient for the recovery of dermatophytes from cutaneous samples and yeasts from vaginal cultures.
Not recommended as a primary isolation medium because it is insufficiently rich to recover certain fastidious pathogenic species, particularly most of the dimorphic fungi.
Sabouraud’s dextrose agar (2%) is most useful as a medium for the subculture of fungi recovered on enriched medium to enhance typical sporulation and provide the more characteristic colony morphology.
Potato flake agar: Primary recovery of saprophytic and dimorphic fungi, particularly fastidious and slow growing strains.
In this paper mention the one of the most successive solution of water pollution. Today not only pryagraj but also every river bank suffering from poor water sources because of human activity .we know that plant is use as purifier of water in Ayurveda, Herbs are renowned for their anti-bacterial properties. ayurveda used herbs like tulsi, neem, amla, and wheatgrass for purifying water floating treatment method , in which we use plants for purifying water, this method fully explained in this paper. artificial weatland for sewage and wastewater treatment, aquatic plant also help in treatment of wastewater http://www.ijsdr.org/papers/IJSDR1902044.pdf in this you know that how to plant purify water and their name.
Tuesday, February 12, 2019
Air pollution become a major problem in city area not only out side but also inside like our home indoor air quality is very bad .we known that plant have capacity to absorbed all harm gasses , some plants we plantations in indoor and improve our indoor air some indoor plant list and their importance mention in this article https://lnkd.in/fzhwwUm
